Referral to emergency
If any of the following are present or suspected, please refer the patient to the emergency department (via ambulance if necessary) or seek emergent medical advice if in a remote region.
- suspected pituitary tumour with concerning features including:
- acute new visual field loss (usually temporal and classically bitemporal superior quadrantinopia/hemianopia)
- thunderclap headache
- symptomatic cortisol insufficiency
For clinical advice, please telephone the relevant specialty service.
Central Adelaide Local Health Network
- Royal Adelaide Hospital (08) 7074 0000
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (08) 8222 6000
Northern Adelaide Local Health Network
- Lyell McEwin Hospital
(08) 8182 9000
Southern Adelaide Local Health Network
- Flinders Medical Centre (08) 8204 5511
Category 1 - appointment clinically indicated within 30 days
- adrenal insufficiency or hypopituitarism
- pituitary mass greater than 10mm with pathological headaches
- serum prolactin greater than 10 times upper limit of normal range
- suspected diabetes insipidus
- visual field defects
Category 2 — appointment clinically indicated within 90 days
- hyperprolactinaemia
Category 3 — appointment clinically indicated within 365 days
- nil
Essential referral information
Completion required before first appointment to ensure patients are ready for care. Please indicate in the referral if the patient is unable to access mandatory tests or investigations as they incur a cost or are unavailable locally.
- history:
- past medical/surgical history
- onset, duration, and progression of symptoms
- current medications and dosages
- use/frequency of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
- allergies and sensitivities
- plans regarding pregnancy if relevant, or male fertility
- management history including treatments trialled/implemented prior to referral
- relevant diagnostic/imaging reports including location of company and accession number
Examination
- examination results
- height/weight
- body mass index (BMI)
Pathology
- urea, electrolyte, and creatinine (UEC)
- estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
- serum prolactin with repeat level
- measure macroprolactin (asymptomatic people)
- thyroid function test (TFT):
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- free thyroxine (FT4)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Suspected or confirmed pituitary mass
- complete anterior pituitary function with morning cortisol (8.00 to 9.00 am)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- free thyroxine
- insulin-like growth factor-1
- luteinizing hormone
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- testosterone or oestradiol
Men
- 8.00 to 9.00 am serum testosterone
- sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
Women
- oestradiol
- human chorionic gonadotropin (ßhCG) for pre-menopausal women
Additional information to assist triage categorisation
Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) only if:
- serum prolactin after macroprolactin adjustment is at least x3 upper limit normal off relevant drugs
- neurological features or headaches
- pathological menstrual disturbance
- galactorrhea or male androgen deficiency is present
Clinical management advice
Significant symptoms are galactorrhea, gonadal steroid deficiency (manifesting as menstrual irregularities, hypogonadism, and infertility). Frequent triggers include:
- pregnancy
- breastfeeding
- unexplained causes
- pituitary tumours
- medications such as antipsychotic agents
- anti-emetics.
If feasible, discontinue any medications that may elevate serum prolactin levels. Exclude hypothyroidism and renal failure as potential underlying conditions. For asymptomatic/inconsistent presentations, consider retesting serum prolactin levels and assessing macroprolactin levels (a less active form of prolactin).
Computerised tomography (CT) is not the preferred imaging modality for pituitary imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) only if:
- serum prolactin after macroprolactin adjustment is at least x3 upper limit normal off relevant drugs
- neurological features or headaches
- pathological menstrual disturbance
- galactorrhea or male androgen deficiency is present
Please ensure that recent pathology results are available. Consider providing the patient with a repeat pathology form at the time of referral.
Patients who have previously received care from a specialist should be encouraged to return to their care for additional assessment if needed.
Referrals are subject to the evaluation of the triaging clinician. If you believe your patient necessitates specialist assessment but may not meet the provided criteria, feel free to connect with the specialist team to discuss your concerns.
Clinical resources
Consumer resources
Reason for request
- to establish a diagnosis
- for treatment or intervention
- for advice and management
- for specialist to take over management
- for a specified test/investigation the General Practitioner cannot order
- for other reason (e.g. rapidly accelerating disease progression)
- transfer of care from another tertiary service
- clinical judgement indicates a referral for specialist review is necessary.
Patient demographic details
- full name, including aliases
- date of birth
- residential and postal address
- telephone contact number/s – home, mobile and alternative
- Medicare number, where eligible
- name of the parent or caregiver, if appropriate
- preferred language and interpreter requirements
- identifies as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
Clinical modifiers
- impact on employment
- impact on education
- impact on home
- impact on activities of daily living
- impact on ability to care for others
- impact on personal frailty or safety
- identifies as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
Other relevant information
- Willingness to have surgery, where surgery is a likely intervention.
- Choice to be treated as a public or private patient.
- Compensable status, e.g. DVA, Work Cover, Motor Vehicle Insurance, etc.
- Relevant social history, including identifying if you feel your patient is from a vulnerable population, under guardianship/out-of-home care arrangements and/or requires a third party to receive correspondence on their behalf.
- Triage of a specialist outpatient referral is based on clinical decision making to allocate an appropriate urgency categorisation.
- Where appropriate and where available, the referral may be streamed to an associated public allied health and/or nursing service. Access to some specific services may include initial assessment and management by associated public allied health and/or nursing, which may either facilitate or negate the need to see the public medical specialist.
- A change in patient circumstance (such as condition deteriorating or pregnancy) may affect the urgency categorisation and should be communicated as soon as possible.
- All new referrals will be triaged by a consultant and appointment times scheduled according to clinical urgency.