Viral gastroenteritis - including symptoms, treatment and prevention
This is a type of gastroenteritis (also known as ‘gastro’) caused by a virus. Many different viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis.
How viral gastroenteritis is spread
Viral gastroenteritis is spread through contamination of hands, objects or food with infected faeces or vomit. The virus is then taken in by the mouth. Viral gastroenteritis may also be spread through coughing and sneezing.
Signs and symptoms of viral gastroenteritis
Symptoms usually last 1 or 2 days and include:
- mild fever
- nausea and vomiting
- stomach cramps
- diarrhoea.
Diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis
Diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation. A faecal examination can sometimes identify the virus and should be performed to also rule out bacterial infection.
Incubation period
(time between becoming infected and developing symptoms)
24 to 72 hours.
Infectious period
(time during which an infected person can infect others)
During illness and for at least 24 hours after symptoms have disappeared.
Treatment for viral gastroenteritis
No specific antiviral drugs are useful for treating viral gastroenteritis. It is a common illness which may be particularly serious in young children.
The following are general recommendations for the treatment of gastroenteritis:
- Give plenty of fluids. Oral rehydration solution is highly recommended for children with mild to moderate dehydration. It is available at pharmacies and should be administered following the instructions on the packaging.
- Mildly unwell children should be given their usual fluids more often. Carbonated (fizzy) drinks or undiluted juice should be avoided.
- Medicines to prevent vomiting or diarrhoea should not be given (especially in children), except where specifically advised by a doctor.
- Breastfed babies should continue to be breastfed throughout their illness.
- Children on formula or solid diets should restart their normal diet (including full strength lactose containing milk) following rehydration with oral rehydration solution.
- Children who are hungry or ask for food should be given small portions of their usual foods, but avoid foods high in sugar or fat.
When to seek medical advice
Seek medical advice if there are any of the following symptoms:
Adults
- Signs of dehydration, such as thirst and decreased urination, lethargy, dry mouth, feeling faint on standing
- fever
- severe abdominal pain
- bloody diarrhoea.
Children
- Signs of dehydration, such as thirst and decreased urination, lethargy, dry mouth, sunken eyes, feeling faint on standing
- fever
- abdominal pain
- bloody diarrhoea
- any symptoms in a child less than 12 months of age.
Prevention of viral gastroenteritis
- Exclude people with viral gastroenteritis from childcare, preschool, school and work until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for at least 24 hours. If the gastroenteritis is known or suspected to be caused by norovirus, the exclusion period is 48 hours.
- If working as a food handler in a food business, the exclusion period should be until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours.
- Infants, children and adults with viral gastroenteritis should not swim until there has been no diarrhoea for 24 hours.
- Follow good hand washing and keeping areas clean procedures.
- Babies and small children without diarrhoea who are not toilet trained should wear tight fitting waterproof pants or swimming nappies in swimming pools and changed regularly in the change room. When faecal accidents occur, swimming pools should be properly disinfected.